Reflection+Product+2

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Project 2 Outline Topic: The causes and effects of stuttering on people’s lives ** 1. **** Define Stuttering and the association with the speech impediment **  stuttering  /stut·ter·ing/ (  stut´er-ing  ) a speech problem characterized chiefly by spasmodic of sounds, especially of initial consonants, by prolongation of sounds and hesitation, and by anxiety and tension on the part of the speaker about perceived speech difficulties. Stuttering - Definition of Stuttering in the Medical Dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." //Medical Dictionary//. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. .

** 2. **** Talk about the causes of Stuttering ** Longe, Jacqueline L., and Deirdre S. Blanchfield. //Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine//. Detroit, MI: Gale Group, 2002. 3199-200. Print. A,B and C theories from = "What Causes Stuttering?" //Health Care Information//. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . **3.** ** Coping Strategies of Children who do stutter ** B. Neurogenic stuttering is often not alleviated by the same conditions that significantly lessen developmental stuttering. These include choral reading, singing, adaptation (repeated oral reading of the same passage) or speaking while under auditory masking or delayed auditory feedback. Neurogenic stuttering may occur at any point in the production of a word, rather than primarily at the beginning, as is common with developmental stuttering. PowerPoint: Neurogenic stuttering is a signal problem between the brain and the nerves or muscles controlling speech.
 * 1) The first theory is that stuttering is a learned behavior and that most average children occasionally stutter. When children are at a young age where the gauge between speed and the annunciation of words are unclear then they can stutter. When criticized the children will begin to develop a sort of anxiety in speech cause the stuttering to get progressively worse.
 * 2) The second theory behind stuttering is that it is a psychological problem; that stuttering is an underlying problem that can be treated with psychotherapy. This process can take from weeks to years.
 * 3) The other theory behind stuttering is that it is natural. Brain scans have been done on those who stutter and one who do not and there might be abnormalities in the brains of stutters, while they are stuttering. It is thought that this has to do with the breakdown in the neurological system.
 * 1) Developmental Stuttering can be helped by singing or choral reading. Regulating their breathing, or gradually progressing from single-syllable responses to longer words and more complex sentences. Most of these therapies also help address the anxiety a person who stutters may feel in certain speaking situations. Also the relaxation of the child. Parents can help as well by being less demanding of their child’s speech.

A and B both from __The Stuttering Foundation__ = Neurogenic Stuttering [] []

**4.** ** Impact on lives of people around stutters ** A. School: Students are 10 of 16 students stated that they believed that their stuttering did negatively impact on their academic performance to a greater or lesser extent. They said, they felt rushed by other students and those they didn’t feel that they were treated as regular students. Many students do not know how to be friendly or patient toward someone with a speech impediment. All above about impact on this PDF = [|http://www.csun.edu/~ainslab/readings/PastLabMembers/Vince/Klompas_Life%20experiences%20of%20people%20who%20stutter.pdf]
 * 1) Social Life: 6 of the 16 students were recorded as having a fear of talking when in a social setting. It is also believed by Levy (1989) fear is a key component to stuttering.
 * 2) Employment: In the study 50% said that stuttering did not hinder in their ability to obtain a job. However they said it is always in their minds but is not on the mind of others.