Annotated+Bibliography

1. The Stuttering Foundation of America, and Brown University. "Child and Adolscent

Behavior Letter." www.stutterhelp.org. EBSCO, 2003. Web. 29 Sept. 201

Information:

Author's Credentials

This article was written by professors at Brown University and enlightened staff from Stuttering Foundation of America. It is very difficult to be on the board at Brown University. To be on the board it takes someone with the proper sense of knowledge and understanding.

The Intended audience for this article is parents. The material is for parents with children who have a speech impediments.

Summary:

This is an article about recognizing the fact that stuttering in adolescent is a big deal and this shows people the numbers to prove that. Also I believe that the people at Brown know what they are talking about.

This article talks about how stuttering is a communication disorder that interferes with a child's ability to speak fluently. Stuttering can be seen with a distorted characterization of words, prolonging of different syllables or words, the words and amount of stuttering have vary many different times. 20% of students will stutter in adolescence. A few ways to tell is if your child has trouble getting words started, disruptions at the beginning of sentences, the child will repeat words or syllables not for sentences. There is no clear reason for the cause of stuttering. Many professionals believe that it comes from genetic, environmental factors and the child temperate. Researches used to believe that addressing stuttering would only cause it to get worse. But now more studies are proving that if a child stutters for more then six months then he is at risk for chronic stuttering.

The author’s thesis would be something to the affect of learning more about stuttering. The authors are trying to convey many points. First, giving the reader background information. Second, giving the reader more information about stuttering. Lastly, they talk about the new research that is being done on stuttering

Evaluation: The creator uses many statistics to show the legitimacy of the source. This work is very logical. First they tell the reader what Stuttering is, then goes into how it can be caused. The topic has been adequately addressed numerous times. I do not see any author biased they facts are just stated nothing more or less.

Reflection: I have learned the basics of stuttering, treatments and causes. This source provides many statistics that I many use in my project.

2. href="http://libdev.mansfield.edu/login?url=http:search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hxh&AN=11107831&site=ehost-live&scope=site">Stuttering: Multimillion-Dollar Grant to Fund More ResearchInto Speech Disorder

Author's Credentials: Ehud Yairi has conducted a 13 year study at the University of Illinois at Urbane-Champaign about the cases, early behavior and the development or transforming of this disorder. Ehud Yairi is the director of the Stuttering Research Project at Illinois.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Purpose of Work: This is a information; report. This article is reporting on the laborious research that re-exam the traditional therapeutic strategies for treating young children who stutter. Ehud Yairi is an expert in this field of study, one of his titles is director of Stuttering Research Project at Illinois.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Thesis: Research on stuttering conducted during the past 13 years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has produced a wealth of new knowledge about the cause, onset, early characteristics, and developmental course of the disorder.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary: This article is speaking about research conducted on stuttering in adolescence. Ehud Yairi and his team of 11 other scientists from Illinois, Northern Illinois University, Eastern Illinois University, University of Chicago, University of Iowa, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee and Purdue University were given a $4 million dollar grant. This grant was given to them by the Institutes of National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. The studies investigated how in 80% of kids stuttering first occurs it is around 3 ½ years of age. However 75% of kids develop normal speech fluency after 4 years of stuttering onset. Also, Yairi concludes that girls have a better chance of natural recovery, for reasons not yet known. They are also doing research in the brains of African- American children and the speech and hearing science of Professor Ken Watkin’s use of imaging techniques.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation: I feel that this work is clear, concise and well thought out. It took 11 scientists 13 years come up with these facts and statistics. The topic of Stuttering is and has been addressed many times in the article. There seems to be no author bias. The author actually thanks the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders for its generous contribution to the research.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection: This source has been very helpful to me. This source causes no conflict with the other source I have found and it seems that all the sources I have pulled so far are on one accord and can work cohesively. This study can develop my research by using these facts and the time that it took people to search for them.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Carney, Rick. "The Hope Document." Letter. thevoiceinstitute. Ed. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Thevoiceinstitute. N.p., 2003. Web. 8 Oct. 2010.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Author's Credentials: This man Rick Carney is a man who used to stutter and he is simply reporting on his life and the things he has encountered while trying to find a cure for stuttering. This is an informational document for not only expert but whoever wants to read it.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary: Rick Carney has tried meditation, self hypnosis, various diets, medicines, and visualization exercises. He has met with doctors and tried speech therapy numerous times but nothing seems to happen. Carney is at a point where he thinks that there is no hope for him to speak normal and is very distressed. But this man knew there was a way he tried tying a string on his friend to help control his breathing, checking his diet. Carney tried taking vitamins and Xanax. But then he found the answer it was Propanolol it is used to reduce this anxiety caused by adrenaline along with Paxil and Busparone. After a while Carney stop taking Paxil because he noticed that it was not effective for him. He claims that Busparone really helped him relieve his anxiety in addition to the propanolol that is a beta blocker that lowers the heart rate in times when an ordinary person’s not on the drug heart rate would rise.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation: Carney clearly states the purpose of this document. His story does not conflict in any way shape or form. He has correct grammar and punctuation through out the entire document. It seems that Carney takes a most defiant stand that the only way for him to overcome his life struggle of stuttering was to use mediation subscribed by a specialist.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection: I learned that not everyone with stuttering has the same symptoms. I also learned that some people’s stuttering stays dormant longer or shorter then others. Carney’s story also taught me that some people really are ashamed about there stuttering and will try anything to stop it. This sources is crucial for my research because it gives a personal story that I can feed of off.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Apel, Melanie Ann. Coping with Stuttering. New York: The Rsen Publishing Group, <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Inc., 2000. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Author's Credentials: Melaine Apel is a pediatric respiratory therapist at Children’s Memorial Hospital in Chicago,Illinois. She has a bachelor’s degree in respiratory care. Melaine Apel also has a very wide range of knowledge when it comes to writing books. She has wrote books on many things from Art and Religion in Ancient Greece to Cocaine and Your Nose: The Incredibly Disgusting Book. She is very well respected in the world of writers. This book is created for the everyday person and is a very informational document on the truth behind stuttering.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Thesis: This book has in-depth detail about stuttering and why kids do not like doing certain things because they stutter. Continually throughout the book the author argues this, people stutter for a reason they do not want to sound this way but something inside of them causes them to have this speech dissiliency.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary: The book talks about through the life of a stutter. It goes into the reasons why children do not want to raise there hand or speak in class. Many of the times they are scared of being judged by there peers because they have a speech impediments. Teachers are not talk to deal with children who have stuttering problems so in many cases the teacher can not directly help the child with his struggles in school. Also in the book it talks about the interaction between parents and children who stutter. This book talks how most parents are nervous and unsure about how to bring the discussion up with their kids.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation: This incredible source that specifically lays out facts about people that struggle with stuttering in their everyday life. This book is very organized a technique the authors is chapters and sub-headings.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection: Yes, this source goes deep into the lives of students with the disability of stuttering. It discusses how children act at school, with friends and at home with parents and it goes into depth on why children act that way

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">5. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Conture, Edward G. Stuttering and Your Child: Questions and Answers. Memphis: Stuttering Foundation of America, 2004. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Author's Credentials: The Author of this book has a Bachelor’s of Science, 1967, Emerson College, Boston, MA, Master’s of Arts, 1968, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL and Doctor of Philosophy, 1972, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. He has wrote over 100 journal articles, books, book chapters, monographs and commercial-grade videos dealing with stuttering. This book is an informational for parents to better understand the background and struggles of stuttering.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Thesis: This book does not a thesis exactly. It is a book that informs parents about stuttering and it is separated by chapters that have questions. Dr. Conture answers these questions fully and with quotes and verifiable facts.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary: This book covers all most every avenue dealing with the problem of stuttering. He talks about different way you can find out of your child stutters. Different actions they may do or not do. He touches on why child stutter and what makes them do this. He even discusses how the child’s life at home can influence the stuttering. He gives the parents insight on what all go on in therapy for the child. This book is busting with knowledge on stuttering.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation: This book is very well laid out. Dr. Conture has put a lot of time and effort into researching and writing this book. This book has and will continue to help inform parents and other people about stuttering.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection: This book in many ways can be a cornerstone for my research. In this book there is so much pivotal information. I think I will have a hard to even begin looking through it all.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">6. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Boey, Ronny, et al. "Awareness and reactions of young stuttering children aged <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">2–7 years old towards their speech disfluency." sciencedirect.com//. Ed. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Centre of Stuttering Therapy Antwerp, University of Antwerp, and Department <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">of Statistics Antwerp. Elsevier Inc, 24 Mar. 2009. Web. 20 Oct. 2010.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Author's Credentials: Ronny Boey, Paul H. Van de Heyning and Ma﻿rc S. De Bodt have each printed many documents on Speech Disfluency and many other speech related scholarly style information. This write-up has scholarly knowledge but written in a way that it is early for the average person to read.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Thesis: The main idea in this document is awareness. To get the information out about stuttering and about how many children really do suffer from this disorder. The authors believe passionately that stuttering is not just something that children can “get over”. But that is not the cause, like everything else it takes time and care and a lot of focus and concentration.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary: In this articles scientist go into the fact that truthfully that much attention is paid to stuttering, very little studies are being done about on the problem. Also part of the reason is the difficulty of the studies, because the children that struggle with speech have to be pointed out and then the parents have to be notified and allow their child to be studied.{Go more into information on the study}

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation: The authors of this document do a great job of staying on topic and sticking with the material. There is a nice blend of stats and hard facts. It is also written in a organized fashion.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection: I have learned from this source that people all over the world care about stuttering. Speech Disfluency is not just something people struggle with in the U.S. but worldwide. Also that there are people very devoted to finding a solution to this problem of stuttering.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">7. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. "Comparisons of Audio and Audiovisual." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. [].

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Author's Credentials: Many if not all of the people involved with this research have written numerous books on stuttering or have done similar test like this before. All of these human beings are more than qualified to observe and conduct this study. This research was done by scientist or specials in the field and is designed for the same. There all a lot of scientific terms an references in this piece.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Thesis: The comparison of audio and audiovisual measures of severity in pre-school age children. The research is on how these differ and with way is more effective in causing stuttering.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary: The experiment carried out was done using blinded speech-language pathologists who had a lot of experience with preschoolers and measuring stuttering frequency and judged the severity from audio only and audiovisual recordings of 36 preschool children who stutter. Stuttering frequency was based on counts of stuttering, made in a current time, and overall severity. This was measured by using a 9-point rating scale. The result was that the stuttering in the children was 20% lower in the audio-only children then the audiovisual group.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation: The work was very clear and precise. All the information was in the research there are no holes. The purpose of the research was never lost everything was strictly related to the topic. It seems that there was no bias in this research there is only straight facts the authors seem not to favor one way or another.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection: I learned from this research that many intelligent minds are working together to help solve the problem of stuttering. The steps in the experiment are well laid out and make logical since and simple to follow. This site will be very helpful in the future.

8. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trautman, Lisa Scott. Stuttering: Straight Talk for Teachers: a Handbook for Teachers and Speech-language Pathologists. Memphis, TN: Stuttering Foundation, 2002. Print.

Author's Credentials: The creators of this book are very well known and respected in the world of speech pathology. Also Lisa Scott has a Ph.D., The Florida State University and Carroll Guitar, University of Vermont, Northwestern University and many other Universities have put a lot of work into this production. This book was written to help teachers interact with students who struggle with stuttering.

Thesis: The communication between teachers and students pertaining to stuttering. Teachers helping children cope or reduce stuttering

Summary: This book was written to help teachers interact with students who struggle with stuttering. Also this book answers questions such as, how to respond to children who stutter in the classroom, what happens in speech therapy, how to handle teasing and bullying and how to deal with oral presentations. In this book there is a lot of quotes from students talking about there own experiences stuttering and the hardships they go through.

Evaluation: This book is very well thought out. All the information is in chronological order. All the statements can be backed with verifiable facts. Also there are quotes from scientist and students who stutter first hand. One thing the book does well is transition from section to section. The only stance of position that I can noticeably see is the fact that the authors care about these children and want them to succeed.

Reflection: This book is very helpful for my research. Most importantly all this material falls perfectly in line with the other material that I have observed from the other documents. Also everything that is said in the book makes sense and is logically written.

9. "Top 10 "To Do" List For Parents of Teenagers Who Stutter." //National Stuttering Association (NSA): Stuttering Help//. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <http://www.nsastutter.org/whoWeHelp/parents/Treatment-Info-parents3.htm>.

Author's Credentials: NSA has members nationwide and over 100 self-help support groups in the United States, the NSA provides information about stuttering, increases public awareness of stuttering, serves as a support and advocacy group, and is a referral organization for speech therapy sources throughout the United States. This is an informational type article. This is a public document easy to read.

Thesis: The main point of this information is to give people an overview on speech therapy.

Summary: This article goes in the different things that the children learn in therapy. The children learn how to develop ** effective communication abilities **. These abilities consist of eliminating such no more unnecessary hand motions and jerky movement. Also in therapy the child we be taught how to ** improving ** ** speech fluency. Once the child improves his speech fluency they are well on their way to normality. Also in these meeting the therapist will have remove physical tension or pressure from the child. This information is coming from volunteer speech therapists who are giving insight on how they help different patients. **

Evaluation: This article is very clear and precise. The writer did a good job on staying on task and not going off on tangents. Also the author’s stance was clear.

Reflection: This article was very helpful. I learned a lot about the different methods that speech therapist used to help different patients. This can help my research mainly because it lines up the rest of my material.

10. //Infomed, Portal De Salud De Cuba//. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. <http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/rehabilitacion-logo/tm_en_adolescentes.pdf>

Author's Credentials: Marianne Lind one of the authors of theses article is a Norwegian who has studied in photographic education at Nordens Folkhogskola Biskops-Arno. Hilda Sønsterud is a speech and language therapist (SLT) in Oslo, Norway. She works at Bredtvet Resource Centre, a national centre with interdisciplinary expertise in the field of speech, language and communication disorders. Sønsterud works primarily with treatment and research related to fluency disorders. She runs courses within the field of stuttering and cluttering and provides clinical practice for SLTs and SLT students. She is a national representative in the International Cluttering Association. They have created a study that is for experts in the field of study.

Thesis: Improvement of fluency and listening skills in teenagers with advanced stuttering

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Summary: This article talks about how stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by an abnormally high frequency or duration of stoppages in the flow of speech, manifested as repetitions of sounds, syllables or words, prolongations of sounds and “blocks” of airflow or voicing in the speech. This is an experiment using two teenage boys who stutter and are seventeen. They look at there family and past with stuttering. Also they look at if there mother has stuttered. A background of stuttering is given to help with the experiment. They are checking the frequency of the boys stuttering habits. Overall this experiment I to raise awareness about stuttering.

Evaluation: This information is very well laid out. A little bit difficult to read sometimes however for the most part a very helpful source. There are no holes in the information.

Reflection: This source is going to help with my research. The reason this source is going to help is because it goes along with the rest of my research. Also this material is backed by numerous other scholars. Also this article has been cited more then a few times.